CS 2315: Computer Ethics

The point of IEEE citation style is to give credit where credit is due. For most IEEE citations, use the information in the IEEE section below this one. The information in this section are simplifications for CS 2315 that Professor Almstrum has made to make citing a little easier:

• The reference list does not have to match the order of citation use in the paper. Instead, the citation in the reference list will be numbered and the number on the in-text citation will match the number in  the reference list.
• Podcasts should be:
  • [#} A.A. Artist, Credit, and B.B. Bartist, Credit, "Title of episode," Title of Program: Subtitle, Date of recording, Year. Place of recording: Publisher. [Format]. Available: Internet address. [Accessed: Month Day, Year].
  • Example:
    [8] R. Robertson, Speaker, "Leadership at the Bottom of the Earth...Where No One Hears You Scream," Sir Walter Murdoch Lecture, 2010. Murdoch (WA): Murdoch University; 2010. [Podcast]. Available: https://lectures.murdoch.edu.au/lectopia/lectopia.lasso?ut=1369&id=71101. [Accessed: August 5, 2010].
• YouTube videos, etc. should be:
  • [#] A.A. Artist, and B.B. Bartist, Title of episode; Subtitle, (Date of recording or posting to YouTube). YouTube channel. Accessed: Month, Day, Year. [Online video]. Available: URL
  • Example:
    [7] D. Muller and P. Lebedev, The Big Misconception About Electricity. (Nov 20, 2021). Veritasium. Accessed: Apr. 24, 2022. [Online video}. Available: https;//www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHlhgxav9LY
• AI should be acknowledged at the bottom of the page as a tool that was used. You can treat it like a personal correspondence or like software.
  • As a correspondence:
    (Author's initials, Author's surname, private communication, Abbrev. Month year.)
    Example: (OpenAI's ChatGPT, private communication, Mar. 10, 2023).
  • As software:
    Title of Software (version or year), Publisher Name. Accessed: Date (when applicable). [Type of Medium]. Available URL
    Example: ChatGPT (March 14, 2023 version), OpenAI. Accessed: Apr. 18, 2023. [Large language model]. Available: https://chat.openai/com/chat

The Naval Postgraduate School has done a great job providing citation examples for all types of content. 

Or you can view the entire IEEE Reference Guide from IEEE Periodicals.

The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional organization supporting many branches of engineering, computer science, and information technology. In addition to publishing journals, magazines, and conference proceedings, IEEE also makes many standards for a wide variety of industries.

IEEE citation style includes in-text citations, numbered in square brackets, which refer to the full citation listed in the reference list at the end of the paper. The reference list is organized numerically, not alphabetically. For examples, see the IEEE Editorial Style Manual. 

The Basics:

In-text Citing   It is not necessary to mention an author's name, pages used, or date of publication in the in-text citation. Instead, refer to the source with a number in a square bracket, e.g. [1], that will then correspond to the full citation in your reference list.

• Place bracketed citations within the line of text, before any punctuation, with a space before the first bracket.
• Number your sources as you cite them in the paper. Once you have referred to a source and given it a number, continue to use that number as you cite that source throughout the paper.
• When citing multiple sources at once, the preferred method is to list each number separately, in its own brackets, using a comma or dash between numbers, as such: [1], [3], [5] or [1] - [5].

The below examples are from Murdoch University's IEEE Style LibGuide.

Examples of in-text citations:

"...end of the line for my research [13]."

"This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]."

"Scholtz [2] has argued that..."

"Several recent studies [3], [4], [15], [16] have suggested that...."

"For example, see [7]."

Creating a Reference List   The Reference List appears at the end of your paper and provides the full citations for all the references you have used.  List all references numerically in the order they've been cited within the paper, and include the bracketed number at the beginning of each reference.

• Title your list as References either centered or aligned left at the top of the page.
• Create a hanging indent for each reference with the bracketed numbers flush with the left side of the page. The hanging indent highlights the numerical sequence of your references.
• The author's name is listed as first initial, last name. Example: Adel Al Muhairy would be cited as A. Al Muhairy (NOT Al Muhairy, Adel).
• The title of an article is listed in quotation marks.
• The title of a journal or book is listed in italics.

The below examples are from the IEEE Citation Reference Guide, IEEE Reference Guide, and Murdoch University's IEEE Style LibGuide.

Examples of citations for different materials: